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A peer-to-peer (or P2P) computer network is a network that relies on computing power at the edges (ends) of a connection rather than in the network itself.

A pure peer-to-peer file transfer network does not have the notion of clients or servers, but only equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both “clients” and “servers” to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the client-server model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example for a non peer-to-peer file transfer is an FTP server. One user uploads a file to the FTP server, then many others download it, with no need for the uploader and downloader to be connected at the same time.

Some networks and channels, such as Napster, OpenNap, or IRC @find, use a client-server structure for some tasks (e.g. searching) and a peer-to-peer structure for others. Networks such as Gnutella, Kazaa Lite or Freenet, use a peer-to-peer structure for all purposes and are sometimes referred to as true peer-to-peer networks, though Gnutella at least is greatly facilitated by directory servers which inform peers of the network addresses of other peers.

Peer-to-peer architecture embodies one of the key technical concepts of the internet, described in the first internet RFC dated 7 April 1969. More recently the concept has achieved wide prominence among the general public in the context of the absence of central indexing servers in architectures used for exchanging multimedia files.

Many peer-to-peer networks are under constant attack with spyware, adware and malware by people like hackers with a variety of motives.

Advantages of peer-to-peer networks.

An important goal in peer-to-peer networks is that the bandwidth of all clients can be used, so the total bandwidth - and usually the available download bandwidth for the average user - grows with the number of nodes, instead of all clients having to share the bandwidth of one server, where adding more clients could mean slower data transfer for all users.

When the term peer-to-peer was used to describe the Napster network, it implied that the peer protocol nature was important, but in reality the great achievement of Napster was the empowerment of the peers (i.e., the fringes of the network) in association with a central index which made it fast and efficient to locate available content. The peer protocol was just a common way to achieve this.

Legal controversy

Under US law, “the Betamax decision” case holds that copying “technologies” are not inherently illegal, if substantial non-infringing use can be made of them. This decision, predating the widespread use of the Internet applies to most data networks, including peer-to-peer networks, since distribution of correctly licensed files can be performed. These non-infringing uses include sending open source software, public domain files and out of copyright works. Other jurisdictions tend to view the situation in somewhat similar ways.

In practice, many, often most, of the files shared on peer-to-peer networks are copies of copyrighted popular music and movies in wide variety of formats (MP3, MPEG, RM, etc.) Sharing of these copies is illegal in most jurisdictions. This has led many observers, including most media companies and some peer-to-peer advocates, to conclude that the networks themselves pose grave threats to the established distribution model. The research that attempts to measure actual monetary loss has been somewhat equivocal. Whilst on paper the existence of these networks results in massive losses, the actual income does not seem to have changed much since these networks started up. Whether the threat is real or not, both the RIAA and the MPAA now spend large amounts of money attempting to lobby lawmakers for the creation of new laws, and some copyright owners pay companies to help legally challenge users engaging in illegal sharing of their material.

In spite of the Betamax decision, peer-to-peer networks themselves have been targeted by the representatives of those artists and organizations who license their creative works, including industry trade organizations such as the RIAA and MPAA as a potential threat. The Napster service was shut down by an RIAA lawsuit. In this case, Napster had been deliberately marketed as a way to distribute audio files without permission from the copyright owners.

As actions to defend copyright infringement by media companies expand, the networks have quickly adapted and constantly become both technologically and legally more difficult to dismantle. This has caused the users that are actually breaking the law to become targets, because whilst the underlying technology may be legal, the abuse of it by individuals redistributing content in a copyright infringing way is clearly not.

Anonymous peer-to-peer networks allow for distribution of material - legal or not - with little or no legal accountability across a wide variety of jurisdictions. Many profess that this will lead to greater or easier trading of illegal material and even (as some suggest) facilitate terrorism, and call for its regulation on those grounds. Others counter that the potential for illegal uses should not prevent the technology from being used for legal purposes, that the presumption of innocence must apply, and that non peer-to-peer technologies like e-mail, which also possess anonymizing services, have similar capabilities.
Popular programs

Popular programs are: eMule (eDonkey, Kademlia), Epicea (Epicea, BitTorrent, eDonkey, Overnet, FastTrack, Gnutella), GiFT (own OpenFT protocol, and with plugins - FastTrack, eDonkey and Gnutella), Gnucleus (Gnutella, Gnutella2), iMesh Light (Fasttrack, eDonkey, Gnutella, Gnutella2), Kazaa (FastTrack, Joltid PeerEnabler), Kazaa Lite (FastTrack, Joltid PeerEnabler), MindGem (eDonkey, Kademlia), MLDonkey (BitTorrent, eDonkey, FastTrack, Gnutella, Gnutella2, Kademlia) (Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Palm OS, Java), mlMac (BitTorrent, eDonkey, FastTrack, Gnutella, Gnutella2), Morpheus (Gnutella, Gnutella2), Poisoned (FastTrack, Gnutella), Shareaza (BitTorrent, eDonkey, Gnutella, Gnutella2), WinMX (Napster, WPNP), XNap (OpenNAP, GiFT, Limewire, Overnet, ICQ, IRC) (Java) and Zultrax (Gnutella, ZEPP).

The source of this article is Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

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This site does not condone activities and actions that breach the rights of copyright owners. As a site visitor it is your responsibility to obey all laws governing copyright in each country.

Much content found on file-sharing (P2P) networks may be copied, reproduced, uploaded and downloaded. There are a significant number of copyright holders who have authorized the sharing of their content for non-commercial purposes and sharing, such as some content with Creative Commons format licenses, and there is also content available in the public domain and not protected by copyright. Most commercially released popular songs, films, and software is NOT authorized for free redistribution but requires separate purchase or licensing. Thanks for sharing responsibly.

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Using file-sharing (P2P) software for the sharing and uploading or downloading of copyrighted works without the permission or authorization of the copyright holders may be illegal and could subject you (or the ISP subscriber) to civil and/or criminal liability and penalties. For more information about U.S. copyright law, please visit http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ and http://www.copyright.gov/title17

Feidian | Media | Download
“FEIDIAN is an all-purpose, multi-platform, bitplane graphic dumper. It operates at absolutely any tile size supports any number of columns and rows, and has a tile definition format so when you run into those odd games that are too cool to follow NORMAL bit ordering, you can set up your own. Its built-in dumping system handles monochrome graphics, but with tile definitions, it can support up to 16 colors with a user-defined palette.”

Some people try hacking satelite tv to watch free satelite tv with cards and the descrambler. We do think that in most countries this is illegal.

Universal Descramblers claims it is legal to use your own descrambling equipment:

“Did you know it’s perfectly legal to use your own cable descrambling equipment? Its true! You no longer legally have to use the cable company’s expensive boxes!”

To receive the best channels, you should get services from a satellite tv provider. This company will also provide you a satelite tv guide to find out what movies, tv shows are scheduled. We advice you to buy your services from a regular satelite tv provider for full service and support. If you do want to descramble yourself, please check local law and our disclaimer before using this.

Satellite TV Dish

A satellite dish is a type of parabolic antenna designed with the specific purpose of transmitting signals to and/or receiving from satellites. A TV satellite dish is a particular type of microwave antenna. Satellite dishes come in varying sizes and designs, and are most commonly used to receive satellite television.

Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 45.72 cm (18″) to 80 cm (31″) in diameter, and are fixed in one position. This type of system is referred to as direct broadcast satellite or DBS. Systems commonly used with communications satellites for Ku-Band free-to-air and ethnic broadcast reception use a slightly larger antenna, typically about one metre in size. Older types of home satellite dishes, called television receive-only or TVRO, were several metres/feet in diameter and had motors which could position the dish to receive signals from several different satellites (polar mount).

A common misconception is that the LNBF (Low-Noise Block/Feedhorn), the device at the front of the dish, receives the signal directly from the atmosphere. See, for instance, this BBC News 24 countdown [1] that shows a “red data stream” being received by the LNBF directly instead of being beamed to the dish, which because of its parabolic shape will collect the signal into a smaller area and deliver it to the LNBF.

DTH installation

You have to see the satellites´ footprints for your country. You can look for FTA channels in every satellite. The satellites you can receive in a concrete location, depends on your dish size, LNB and geographical surrounding (houses, mountains, local interference and similar).

The satellite dish pointing angles are azimuth and elevation. You can use a program that uses your geographic coordinates, town, zone name or zip code to calculate azimuth and elevation for the satellite.

Azimuth is the side to side angle. By definition North is 0 or 360 deg, East is 90, South is 180 and west is 270. You can use a magnetic compass, maps, the sun, the north pole start and some GPS receivers that show a view of the sky with sun and moon marked.

Elevation is the up-down angle. You can easily set up elevation, using a scale marked on the mount bracket or use an inclinometer.

Note that you find a satellite by pre-setting the elevation accuratelty and then swinging the whole antenna boldly in azimuth till the signal locks up in the sat finder meter or your receiver signal meter.

A satellite installation kit normally includes : - Satellite dish. - Digital satellite receiver (Set-top box, STB).

For complete installation you need also:

links